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JMan 2819's avatar

Interesting article about Rustin! Apparently the left has a more complicated history than I realize!

The Enlightenment View of Rights

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Here is a basic history of the Left for those who never went down the continental philosophy rabbit role.

The Enlightenment philosopher John Locke's work was beautifully summarized in the Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government"

This allowed both secular deists and devout Christians to work on the same foundation with the same worldview. They both believed in *individual* rights and that these rights had a higher authority than any government. That would all change with Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The General Will

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Rousseau zigged where his Enlightenment counterparts zagged. He argued that the Enlightenment was a mistake. Science, reason, and individual rights had not created freedom, but oppression. He believed in the myth of the Noble Savage, where primitive man did not fight or wage war because the earth provided enough for everyone (this is not true: Lawrence Keeley, Napoleon Chagnon and other anthropologists have shown that primitive tribes are extremely warlike and fight for women, honor, land, cattle).

Rousseau said that society went wrong when a man first put a fence around some land and said "this is mine". This led to a competition where people fenced off more and more land, until some people had way more than the needed, and others didn't have enough. This is why the Left, even to this day, tends to dislike technology and modern civilization even though Leftists make up the wealthiest class.

Rousseau said it was too late to go back to these primitive times, but we could recreate their spirit. He did this by rejecting the individual rights vision of freedom and embracing what he called "The General Will" - what's good for society as a whole. Freedom came from submission to the "General Will". And - the four most chilling words in all of human history - said that those who refused to submit should be "forced to be free".

Rousseau's vision of "freedom" led to the Reign of Terror, fascism, Nazism, communism, and of course, the New Left today. In The History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell wrote, “At the present time, Hitler is an outcome of Rousseau; Roosevelt and Churchill, of Locke.” The philosopher Paul Strathern agrees. In Hume in 90 Minutes, he writes: “Rousseau’s ideas were to inspire both the glories and the excesses of the French Revolution, and continued to play a similar role in the twentieth century. His ideas are recognizable in both fascism and communism, as well as in the underlying drift towards self-expression and liberalism.”

Marx's failed prophecy

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Hume did not believe in abolishing all private property. But Marx would take the next logical step. Marx also had a theory of history - or as us Christians put it, an eschatology (end times) - that the advanced capitalist states would grow more and more unequal until the working class rebelled, at which point communism and true human freedom would emerge. Unfortunately, that prophecy never came true. In fact, England, America and Germany seemed to be growing less and less interested in communism as time passed. Instead, communism only happened in the peasant society of Russia. This caused a crisis on the Left.

One response was fascism, which was created by atheist intellectuals steeped in Continental Philosophy who were ex-socialists. The other response leads to the New Left. An Italian philosophy Antonio Gramsci argued that material conditions alone would not lead to socialism. Not if capitalists controlled education, the media, art, and music. He called this "cultural hegemony" and this power could be used to get workers to buy into the system that oppressed them. The socialists needed to gain cultural hegemony. This is the "Gramscian march through the institutions" that was finally completed sometime around 2010ish.

Critical Theory and the New Left

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In the 1930s a group called the Frankfurt School built on Gramsci's analysis of how capitalism can indoctrinate workers into buying into the system and justify oppression. They began to apply this concept more broadly. This is called Critical Theory. One notable insight is that workers had been "bought off" by programs like Social Security and labor regulations and they no longer saw themselves as genuine outsiders. The next revolution would not come from workers, but from women and minorities, including sexual minorities. This is the origin of "the groups".

The Frankfurt School also influenced by Freude's view of sexual repression and began to argue that monogamy led to authoritarianism. The Frankfurt-adjascent psychologist Wilhelm Reich argued this explicitly in The Sexual Revolution, published in 1936. It shows up in a very unfalsiable way in Herbert Marcuse's book Eros and Civilization, published in 1955. I say unfalsifiable because he adds a concept of "repressive desublimation". Basically starts with the stock idea that monogamy leads to authoritarianism, but then "repressive desublimation" adds the idea that promiscuity can also be used for authoritarianism. His example was the Hitler Youth. The Nazis winked at good Aryan boys being promiscuous. It blew off steam, kept them in line, and would only result in more Aryan genes being spread.

So while the Critical Theorists advocated for the Sexual Revolution, they could also look at 30% of the population being plunged into poverty via single motherhood, and this poverty being concentrated among minorities, and wash their hands of it saying "we wanted enlightened eroticism, not repressive desublimation".

Critical Theory spawned Critical Race Theory and identity politics (the activist wing of Critical Theory) and here we are.

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